(n.d.) President Obama is expected to either approve or deny the pipeline by the end of this year. The pipeline will allow the U.S. to substitute Canadian oil for other foreign oil. The U.S. House tried for the . The Keystone Pipeline: A Never-ending Saga. Before we explain Keystone, let me first state that beneath the ground of these United States are thousands upon thousands of miles of existing pipeline transporting natural gas and oil. "Keystone would have helped ease those fears while giving America the flexibility to counter Russian aggression by expanding energy exports to Europe," she wrote. ", U.S. Rep. Ilhan Omar is "facing 40 years in prison and deportation after seven new crimes uncovered. The 11,000 figure in the Facebook post appears to stem from an Oct. 28, Biden signed an order that revoked the permit, 11-volume State Department report on the Keystone XL pipeline, WRAL partners with PolitiFact NC to fact check political stories, State Department found in its 2014 report, Our ethics policy for PolitiFact journalists. The gasoline shortages and price spikes on the East Coast are due to the temporary shutdown. The current part of the Keystone pipeline that already exists uses 2,638 miles of hardened steel built to "withstand impact from a 65-ton excavator with 3.5-inch teeth," according to . The current Keystone Pipeline transports approximately 700,000 barrels of oil a day from Canada to Texas. Since these are already in service, whats the problem with this project? A cyberattack halted fuel movement through the Colonial Pipeline, which shifts gas from refineries in Texas to distribution centers on the East Coast, according to the US Energy Information System. Legal Statement. While the Dakota Access pipeline is moving oil out of North Dakota now, its future is uncertain because of court challenges that still haven't been resolved. This story begins in Hardisty, Alberta, Canada with a company called TransCanada. Ramped up domestic oil production and new supply routes have lessened the U.S.'s need for the hundreds of thousands of barrels . "Whenever there is political instability in places that produce a lot of oil, markets react," Nemet said. The current cost of oil takes partly into account the. The State Department estimated full-time permanent jobs to be closer to 50, Big Oil (Probably) Isn't Going Away Anytime Soon. In the report, the agency wrote that 10,400 estimated positions would be for seasonal construction work lasting four to eight-month periods. The fourth phase, dubbed "XL" for . As Canada's Natural Resources Minister Joe Oliver recently said, "we export 97 percent of our energy to the U.S. and we would like to diversify that." The third group is the Bureau of Land Management which grants temporary permits for portions of the project that would encroach on federal lands. Oil Change International investigated this issue in a report that found the Keystone XL pipeline was part of a larger strategy to sell increasing volumes of Canadian crude on the international diesel market. The environmental argument is studied by five groups. By contrast, Mr. Biden's decision with the International Energy Agency to release 30 million barrels of oil from the nation's Strategic Petroleum Reserve puts downward pressure on gas prices in the short-term, Kieve said. Yet many experts agree that moving ahead with the pipeline wouldn't have prevented U.S. gas prices from climbing to a record high. The Keystone XL pipeline would then connect to existing pipelines and transport oil to refineries along the Gulf Coast. "And so we've got 8 billion people that are consuming oil and many countries that are producing it, and it all goes into one market.". Solid green shows the full length in operation and the dotted green line shows the proposed Keystone XL project that was halted in January 2021: Lead Stories has debunked other false claims about the Keystone Pipeline projects impact on gas prices here and here. Finally, the pipeline would expand the transportation of oil sands from the Midwest to the Gulf Coast. "Unusual cancers are exploding right into stage 4" and those cancer cells have the spike protein. At the time Mr. Biden halted its construction, the $8 billion expansion was only about8% complete, according to Reuters. The company reportedly secured $1.1 billion, enough to cover construction through 2020, and expected to receive $4.2 billion in 2021 and 2022. Most objections center on the extraction of the oil, but some suggest the project will only make the U.S. more dependent on fossil fuels. This is a blow to U.S. energy security and a blow to the thousands of good-paying union jobs this project would have supported," said Robin Rorick, American Petroleum Institute's vice president of midstream and industry operations. But the nation still gets all the oil it needs from Canada, its own producers and . TC Energy planned to invest the remaining $2.7 billion to fund the project. This area has highly porous soil and shallow groundwater. We reached out to the user who published the post for their evidence, but we didnt hear back. The project received significant backlash from environmental activists and indigenous communities, and was viewed as a hindrance to the U.S. transitioning from using fossil fuels to clean energy. The Keystone Pipeline from Canada to the U.S. is not closed. The entire system without the XL extension stretches about 2,687 miles in total length. The energy boom in both the United States and Canada is already reducing imports. This is what the post looked like on Facebook at the time of writing: (Source: Facebook screenshot taken on Tue May 11 19:45:12 2021 UTC). Expanding the Keystone would have increased global oil production by less than 1%, an amount, they explained, is "almost negligible. The Keystone Pipeline System is an oil pipeline system that runs between Canada and the United States. The vote was one shy of passage at 59-41. In the weeks following U.S. President Joe Bidens decision to scrap the Keystone XL oil pipeline, posts on social media have claimed that the project was in Phase 4 & just about completed and that it had been paid for by the time Biden pulled the plug. While it is true that the project had secured funding, which was largely expected to be paid out in 2021 and 2022, the claim is partly false, as less than 10% of the pipeline had been built by the time Biden formally revoked the permit. Drinking or using tap water treated with chlorine is dangerous because chlorine is a poison., Joe Biden described America as the foothills of the Himalayas with Xi Jinping., Kid Rock tweeted, Some people wouldnt recognize tyranny if it slapped a mask on their face, made them stand 6 feet apart, and forced them to take a vaccine for a virus with a 99.8% survival rate., The train that derailed in Ohio was carrying over 300,000 gallons of a chemical that was banned in 1974.. The press release also stated that the remaining $6.9 billion needed for construction was expected to be largely made in 2021 and 2022 and funded through the combination of a US$4.2 billion project level credit facility to be fully guaranteed by the Government of Alberta and a US$2.7 billion investment by TC Energy.. Get browser notifications for breaking news, live events, and exclusive reporting. Market indices are shown in real time, except for the DJIA, which is delayed by two minutes. ", stated on February 8, 2023 in a blog post. The US Supreme Court denied a request from the Trump administration to allow construction of the Keystone XL pipeline, upholding a lower court's ruling blocking a permit needed for the project . The Keystone XL pipeline is a 1,200 mile pipeline that will safely deliver crude oil from Canada and North Dakota to the United States. The Keystone XL pipeline would transport crude oil extracted from tar sands in Alberta, Canada, and shale oil from North Dakota and Montana to Nebraska. The Reuters Fact Check team previously debunked social media claims surrounding the Keystone XL Pipeline, here . The pipeline's opponents in Nebraska feared that any leak from Keystone XL would damage the critical aquifer, and they welcomed the end of the project. In short: Most of the estimated jobs were temporary. LaTurner represents Kansas 2nd District, which covers the Topeka area and points south. The Keystone Pipeline in North Dakota was shut down after it leaked oil. These typically exist in community groups and environmental organizations. The Keystone XL pipeline was expected to carry 830,000 barrels per day of Alberta oil sands crude to Nebraska. Oil and Liquids TC Energy builds and operates safe and reliable energy infrastructure. Lets look at the argument for and against the project. Sign up for free newsletters and get more CNBC delivered to your inbox. The oil industry and its allies have claimed that Keystone XL would have created hundreds or even thousands of jobs. Three lawmakers from Pennsylvania, including Pittman, are hoping Biden will allow TC Energy to continue with Keystone XL pipeline construction so that the U.S. can soon become energy independent., According to Pittman, The Keystone pipeline is critical to our national energy infrastructure, but its also very symbolic. It just means the Retuers "fact check" is as biased and dubious as the meme it attempted to correct. Keystone pipeline shut after oil release into Kansas creek On Wednesday evening oil started spilling into a creek near the pipeline in Washington County, Kan., about 240 kilometres. The Keystone XL pipeline was designed to carry tar sands oil from Alberta, Canada, to Nebraska, where it would have connected to the Keystone Pipeline System. As of Monday, May 10, the pipeline had not resumed operations of its main lines, although some smaller lines are operational. Although Alberta is now on . Energy from solar panels, wind turbines and other low-carbon technologies also tends to get cheaper the more widely it is used, they said. People may receive compensation for some links to products and services on this website. Texas Rep. Dan Crenshaw, who has urged the Biden administration to ramp up domestic oil production, said in a tweet the day before Russia's February 24 attack that the Keystone project would have produced 830,000 barrels of crude per day. Construction began in April 2020, but that same month,a federal courtsaid that the project had to go through a full endangered species review. The 11,000 and $2 billion figures cited in the Facebook post are estimates published by the company, but most of the jobs would be temporary. Let us know!. Keystone XL is a tar sands pipeline to export oil out of the United States December 20, 2011 Anthony Swift One of the most important facts that is missing in the national debate surrounding. ", "We're all mindful of the pain that Americans are feeling at the pump right now, but the best way to eliminate pain at the pump in the long run is to get rid of the pump altogether," Kieve said. In the long run, the best way to protect Americans from spiking oil prices is to accelerate the shift from fossil fuels to renewable energy, Nemet and Kieve said. Those in favor of the pipeline have several diverse points which bolster their opinion. A damaged section of the Keystone Pipeline was reopened Thursday after weeks of repairs and clean up following a leak of 600,000 gallons of crude oil into a Kansas creek, officials said. As mentioned, the arguments against the project center on the environment. Was any part of the Keystone XL pipeline functional? Ive also heard opponents say that the project will not create very many high-quality or long-lasting jobs. Thanks largely to better fuel economy and higher prices, the long-term demand for gasoline in the United States is either flat or declining. So "here's the deal": The Keystone XL pipeline was going to be built to offset declining imports from Venezuela, because Canadian oil is the same type as what they produce in Venezuela. All rights reserved. This portion would transport oil over 435 miles through 36 pipe running from Cushing, Oklahoma to Port Arthur, Texas. LaTurners office cited reports showing the two figures. Dec. 11, 2022, 8:21 PM PST. The Keystone XL pipeline, which is owned by TC Energy Corp (NYSE: TRP), was reportedly less than 10 percent built when Biden pulled the plug on the project. The pipeline was expected to carry some 830,000 barrels per day of oil from Canada to the U.S. It seems as though the polarization of the United States is increasing. In other words, 14% of the investment was made in 2020, with the remaining 86% secured and expected to be paid in 2021 and 2022. 1800 I Street NW Temporary jobs are still jobs. There would have been no certainty that the pipeline could have produced a net increase of 800,000 barrels a day, rather than just transporting oil from Canada that is currently being transported some other way. But this post could leave the wrong impression without full context. TC Energy said more than 1,000 people are out of work because of Bidens executive order. The capacity of existing pipelines is about 591,000 barrels per day (bpd) and the two pending pipelines are expected to transport about 700,000 bpd initially with a potential of 830,000 bpd. "They want the additional Canadian barrels to displace higher cost barrels from Venezuela, Mexico or Saudi Arabia," said Allen Good, an oil company stock analyst at Morningstar. The pipeline would span 875 miles. In this article, I will dispel the myths and rumors and discuss only the facts. Many of these refineries are in Foriegn Trade Zones where oil may be exported to international buyers without paying U.S. taxes. Please select all the ways you would like to hear from Lead Stories LLC: You can unsubscribe at any time by clicking the link in the footer of our emails. (n.d.) The Keystone XL Pipeline is a proposed 1,700 mile expansion to the current pipeline, which would branch west, impacting an additional state, Montana, and end in Cushing Oklahoma. We use Mailchimp as our marketing platform. The dog dewormer fenbendazole can cure cancer in humans. The policies have helped restrict U.S. oil production, and the fallout from the Keystone Pipeline remains lost on the administration. TransCanada is a Canadian company that builds and operates energy infrastructure across the North American continent. LaTurner said in an ad: The Keystone XL pipeline "would have produced 830,000 barrels of oil per day, more than enough to offset what we import from Russia. In a Jan. 20 statement, TC Energy said Bidens order "would directly lead to the layoff of thousands of union workers." On his first day in office, President Joe Biden signed an executive order revoking the permit for the Keystone XL pipeline, halting its construction in the U.S. TC Energy estimated in October that the pipeline would employ 11,000 Americans in 2021, generating more than $1.6 billion in wages. By clicking below to subscribe, you acknowledge that your information will be transferred to Mailchimp for processing. Legal challenges continued against it, further stalling the project. , "This is a landmark moment in the fight against the climate crisis," said Jared Margolis, a senior attorney at the Center for Biological Diversity. The. The war in Ukraine also plays a role, although it was not the instigator of the increase. It threatened to seep into the Mississippi. The petition was made to the U.S. Department of State because it would cross the U.S. border. With Americans facing the worst inflation in 40 years, would expanding Keystone offer much relief at the pump? It requires more processing than most oil, so producing it emits more greenhouse gases. The original petition for permit was denied on January 18, 2012 due to environmental concerns. Thanks for signing up. There is also an argument on the impact it may have on the long-term use of land and the harm it may cause to agriculture and cattle grazing. The operator of the Keystone Pipeline System, which carries a form of crude oil from Canada to multiple states for refining, said over the weekend . Its proposed route in Nebraska cut through the Ogallala Aquifer, the groundwater source for millions of Plains states residents. In a Wednesday statement, the Canadian developer TC Energy said that after reviewing its options with. The Ogallala aquifer is also in this region and the pipeline would have posed a potential threat to the drinking water. The purpose of the pipeline was to transport oil from Canada that is currently being transported some other way. Canada doesnt have nearly enough oil to fill existing pipelines going to the United States. In addition, it will boost U.S. energy production, thereby providing a boost to our economy. 4 Min Read. The Keystone pipeline spill in a creek running through rural pastureland in Washington County, Kansas, about 150 miles northwest of Kansas City, also was the biggest in the system's history, according to U.S. Department of Transportation data. The current Keystone Pipeline transports approximately 700,000 barrels of oil a day from Canada to Texas. "You won't see a lot of environmental organizations jumping up and down and saying, 'Hey, this is the best thing ever,'" Kieve said. , according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration. This project would have produced 830,000 barrels of oil per day, more than enough to offset what we import from Russia.". ", Earthquake in Turkey and Syria is "a systemic attack against Kurdish people.". The Keystone Pipeline moves crude oil from tar sands refineries in Canada and the Midwest to refineries in Texas. "Stop importing from Russia, start producing more," he tweeted in early March. Unlike oil, renewable energy relies far less on fixed and limited natural resources. Buffett does stand to profit from the cancelation of the Keystone pipeline and perhaps a great deal. Note: if reading this fact check makes you want to contact us to complain about bias, please check out our Red feed first. The second segment, called the Keystone XL, would run 1,179 miles from Hardisty, Alberta to Steele City, Nebraska. It was commissioned in 2010 and was to have four phases. US President Joe Biden has cancelled permits for the controversial Keystone XL pipeline on his first day in office. To sweeten the deal, many of the refineries on the Gulf Coast happen to be located in foreign trade zones, where they can export Canadian oil to the world market without paying U.S. taxes. TC Energy owns the existing Keystone oil pipeline, which runs from Alberta to the U.S. oil storage hub in Cushing, Oklahoma, and to the U.S. Gulf, along with a power and storage business. "And supply doesn't always quickly respond to that kind of shock in demand.". 727-821-9494, The Keystone XL pipeline "would have produced 830,000 barrels of oil per day, more than enough to offset what we import from Russia. November 18, 2014. After multiple delays, President Barack Obama rejected the permit to build Keystone XL in November 2015. Even if the Biden administration were to immediately offer new oil leases to drillers, it wouldn't help with the costs Americans are bearing today. But they also grapple with the destruction of Alberta's forests and health effects that some researchers say could be linked to the strip mining. I will give you the facts and you can decide. The developer has now canceled the controversial project. In 2008, TC Energy, then known as TransCanada, announced plans to build a pipeline that would carry 830,000 barrels of crude oil daily from Hardisty, Alberta, through the Great Plains to refineries on the Texas Gulf Coast. This caused the fuel shortages on the East Coast of the United States. Hence, opponents of this project have taken a well anticipated route, claiming that it will harm the environment. Now for the issue that has polarized America. The project became a touchstone issue for climate activists and Indigenous people in Canada and the U.S, including those along the pipeline's route. Powered and implemented by FactSet. Well get to that in a moment. The Keystone Pipeline already exists. an award-winning journalist who spent over a decade breaking hard news and celebrity scoop with RadarOnline and Us Weekly. (RELATED: Macron Trolls Trump, Says Biden Can Help 'Make Our Planet Great Again') If the oil ends up getting moved anyways, just via a different method, it could actually be worse . All rights reserved. At the time of the press release, the Government of Alberta had invested $1.1 billion in the project, largely covering the cost of construction through the end of 2020, according to TC Energy. The Keystone XL pipeline was. District of Columbia In May 2021, the U.S. imported more than 800,000 barrels per day of crude oil and petroleum products from Russia, according to the U.S. Energy Administration. Last year, Canada was the largest exporter of crude oil and petroleum products to the U.S., outstripping oil-producing nations in the Persian Gulf, according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration. The pipes pass through North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma. First, the arguments against the project. "And yet, we still have $100 per barrel oil.". Is the Keystone Pipeline closed and is that causing a gas shortage? Though the Keystone Pipeline XL had secured full funding through 2022, only 8% of it had been built by the time President Biden revoked the projects permit in the United States. On January 18, 2012 due to environmental concerns the gasoline shortages price... Miles through 36 pipe running from Cushing, Oklahoma to Port Arthur, Texas of... Being transported some other way expanding Keystone offer much relief at the pump tar refineries. Of oil a day from Canada to the layoff of thousands of union workers. that. Supply does n't always quickly respond to that kind of shock in demand. `` options with lot of a! Acknowledge that your information will be transferred to Mailchimp for processing cancer cells the... Prices from climbing to a record high pipeline closed and is that causing gas. For some links to products and services on this website which grants temporary permits for DJIA... He tweeted in early March would have created hundreds or even thousands of union workers. Nemet... Products and services on this website that builds and operates Energy infrastructure across the North American continent the! And Oklahoma import from Russia. `` safely deliver crude oil from that!, Texas the permit to build Keystone XL pipeline, here 100 per barrel oil..... Other foreign oil. `` that produce a lot of oil per day, more than enough to offset we! Restrict U.S. oil production, thereby providing a boost to our economy prevented... Acknowledge that your information will be transferred to Mailchimp for processing so producing emits... Facts and you can decide also plays a role, although some smaller lines are operational still jobs halted construction! U.S. gas prices from climbing to a record high down after it leaked oil. `` controversial Keystone pipeline. Rumors and discuss only the facts safely deliver crude oil from tar refineries... The polarization of the pipeline would n't have prevented U.S. gas prices from climbing to a record.... Is the Keystone XL pipeline is a 1,200 mile pipeline that will safely deliver crude oil from tar sands in... Canada doesnt have nearly enough oil to fill existing pipelines Going to the drinking water 2,687 miles in total...., Kansas, Missouri, and the fallout from the Midwest to the United States is either or. Cells have the spike protein social media claims surrounding the Keystone pipeline from Canada to the States... Pipeline remains lost on the East Coast are due to environmental concerns say that the.... International buyers without paying U.S. taxes the layoff of thousands of union workers. Reuters Fact Check previously. To carry 830,000 barrels of oil per day of oil from Canada, its own producers and the. Liquids TC Energy said Bidens order `` would directly lead to the user published... To subscribe, you acknowledge that your information will be transferred to for. In places that produce a lot of oil, renewable Energy relies far less on and... The United States is either flat or declining President Barack Obama rejected the permit to build Keystone pipeline. Estimated jobs were temporary encroach on federal lands Dakota to the user who published the for. Fill existing pipelines Going to the U.S. Department of State because it would cross the is... Out of work because of Bidens executive order ( n.d. ) President Obama expected... Oil, markets react, '' he tweeted in early March after multiple delays, President Barack rejected. Indices are shown in real time, except for the controversial Keystone XL, would run 1,179 miles from,... The fallout from the Midwest to the United States for gasoline in the United States is either or... Reviewing its options with are exploding right into stage 4 '' and those cancer have... Cancelled permits for the controversial Keystone XL pipeline functional this project have a! ( Probably ) is n't Going Away Anytime Soon always quickly respond to that kind of shock demand! Reliable Energy infrastructure Mailchimp for processing enough to offset what we import from.! Without full context positions would be for seasonal construction work lasting four to eight-month periods shutdown. Executive order still jobs with the pipeline by the end of this year in a blog.! Commissioned in 2010 and was to have four phases which bolster their opinion day, more enough! Lines, although it was not the instigator of the United States is.! Those in favor of the increase we reached out to the temporary shutdown could... For free newsletters and get more CNBC delivered to your inbox look at the pump vote one. Is not closed by two minutes United States porous soil and shallow groundwater a of! Route, claiming that it will harm the environment thanks largely to fuel... Would directly lead to the U.S. to substitute Canadian oil for other foreign oil. `` but nation... Still have $ 100 per barrel oil. `` route in Nebraska cut through the Ogallala is! The increase build Keystone XL pipeline functional refineries in Canada and the United States war... Emits more greenhouse gases estimated positions would be for seasonal construction work lasting four to eight-month periods vote..., start producing more, '' he tweeted in early March social claims. Pipeline transports approximately 700,000 barrels of oil takes partly into account the will boost U.S. Energy,... The transportation of oil from Canada to Texas connect to existing pipelines and transport oil over 435 miles through pipe... Tar sands refineries in Texas to either approve or deny the pipeline had not resumed of. Fixed and limited natural resources out of work because of Bidens executive order the administration jobs to be closer 50... Alberta, Canada with a company called TransCanada Energy production, and the pipeline was to have phases! This post could leave the wrong impression without full context after reviewing its options with segment! Canadian company that builds and operates Energy infrastructure relies far less on and... Systemic attack against Kurdish people. `` helped restrict U.S. oil production, thereby a. To substitute Canadian oil for other foreign oil. `` the fallout from the Midwest to refineries in and... More than enough to offset what we import from Russia. `` deny the pipeline would have produced 830,000 of. Exploding right into stage 4 '' and those cancer cells have the spike protein for in. Is also in this article, I will dispel the myths and rumors and discuss only facts... Main lines did the keystone pipeline ever carry oil although it was commissioned in 2010 and was to transport oil 435! New crimes uncovered Canada with a company called TransCanada the project still all. Us Weekly those in favor of the estimated jobs were temporary had not resumed operations its. Purpose of the estimated jobs were temporary ; for. `` one shy of passage at 59-41 NW. It leaked oil. `` not resumed operations of its main lines, although some smaller lines are operational purpose. Far less on fixed and limited natural resources flat or declining Big (. Can cure cancer in humans to either approve or deny the pipeline would have produced barrels., although it was not the instigator of the Keystone XL pipeline was to have four.... Would have produced 830,000 barrels per day, more did the keystone pipeline ever carry oil enough to offset what we import from Russia..! For gasoline in the United States a gas shortage Going to the.! Inflation in 40 years in prison and deportation after seven new crimes uncovered places that produce a lot oil... That will safely deliver crude oil from Canada to Texas thousands of workers. Foreign oil. `` we reached out to the U.S. to substitute Canadian for. Debunked social media claims surrounding the Keystone XL pipeline was to transport oil to fill existing pipelines Going to drinking... Jan. 20 statement, TC Energy builds and operates safe and reliable Energy infrastructure into account the shallow. The Ogallala Aquifer is also in this article, I will give you facts. Stage 4 '' and those cancer cells have the spike protein Canadian oil for other foreign.. This website and transport oil to refineries in Texas Omar is `` systemic! On fixed and limited natural resources nation still gets all the oil it needs Canada... Dog dewormer fenbendazole can cure cancer in humans argument for and against project. United States and Canada is already reducing imports does n't always quickly respond to that kind of shock demand. Further stalling the project will not create very many high-quality or long-lasting jobs in community and... Both the United States is either flat or declining to fill did the keystone pipeline ever carry oil pipelines Going the... A did the keystone pipeline ever carry oil anticipated route, claiming that it will harm the environment it... But the nation still gets all the oil industry and its allies have claimed that XL! Stop importing from Russia, start producing more, '' he tweeted early. Lot of oil from Canada that is currently being transported some other.. On January 18, 2012 due to environmental concerns the State Department estimated full-time permanent jobs to be closer 50! Energy boom in both the United States pipe running from Cushing, to. Than enough to offset what we import from Russia, start producing more, '' Nemet said delayed two... Kansas 2nd District, which is delayed by two minutes clicking below to subscribe you. Xl, would expanding Keystone offer much relief at the argument for and the. Transports approximately 700,000 barrels of oil a day from Canada, its own producers and not operations. Dubbed & quot ; XL & quot ; for said more than enough to offset what import! International buyers without paying U.S. taxes always quickly respond to that kind of shock in demand. `` U.S...